⸻ Introduction Orenburg, located south of the Ural Mountains, is one of Russia’s most important transit hubs between Europe and Asia. Due to its simultaneous connection to both the Russian and Central Asian rail networks, it plays a key role in exporting grains, metals, sulfur, petrochemicals, and machinery to neighboring countries, including Iran. In recent...Continue Reading

⸻ 🔹 1. North–South Corridor (Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan–Iran Rail Route) This route is one of the main rail connection lines within the INSTC framework and, in practice, links the Orenburg railway to Iran, although it is not direct and passes through other countries: Orenburg → Kazakhstan (e.g., via major lines like Orenburg–Tashkent)The Russian rail network is connected...Continue Reading

⸻ Introduction When the price of feed reaches 50,000 Tomans per kilogram, the cost structure of industrial poultry farms in Iran comes under severe pressure. Feed remains the largest cost component, and any increase in FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio) or extension of the slaughter age immediately raises the final cost. This analysis uses a reference...Continue Reading