⸻ Introduction Orenburg, located south of the Ural Mountains, is one of Russia’s most important transit hubs between Europe and Asia. Due to its simultaneous connection to both the Russian and Central Asian rail networks, it plays a key role in exporting grains, metals, sulfur, petrochemicals, and machinery to neighboring countries, including Iran. In recent...Continue Reading

⸻ 🔹 1. North–South Corridor (Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan–Iran Rail Route) This route is one of the main rail connection lines within the INSTC framework and, in practice, links the Orenburg railway to Iran, although it is not direct and passes through other countries: Orenburg → Kazakhstan (e.g., via major lines like Orenburg–Tashkent)The Russian rail network is connected...Continue Reading

⸻ Introduction When the price of feed reaches 50,000 Tomans per kilogram, the cost structure of industrial poultry farms in Iran comes under severe pressure. Feed remains the largest cost component, and any increase in FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio) or extension of the slaughter age immediately raises the final cost. This analysis uses a reference...Continue Reading

Best Day-Old Broiler Breeds in Iran from the Perspective of Feed Efficiency and Profitability 1. Introduction In the cost structure of Iranian poultry farms, over 70% of production costs are related to feed. With the price of feed reaching 50,000 Tomans per kilogram, the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) becomes the most important indicator of profitability....Continue Reading

Selecting the Best Day-Old Broiler Breed for Economical and Efficient Meat Production Introduction The broiler industry is one of the most crucial sectors for supplying animal protein globally and in Iran. A key decision in designing an economical farm is selecting the appropriate day-old chick breed—one with high growth rate, suitable meat quality, and high...Continue Reading

Scientific-Economic Article: Export Prices of Frozen Whole Chicken in the Global Market — An Examination of Brazil, the European Union, and Turkey Introduction Frozen Whole Chicken (HS Code: 020721) is one of the most important items in the global poultry meat trade. The export market for this product is influenced by factors such as feed...Continue Reading

The Relationship Between Feed Consumption and Meat Production in Broiler Farms: Indicators, Empirical Evidence, and Practical Solutions (Focusing on Slaughter Weight of 1.2–1.8 kg) Abstract This article concisely and precisely addresses three key questions:(1) Which indicators quantify the relationship between feed consumed and meat produced,(2) What ranges for FCR and slaughter weight are indicated by...Continue Reading

Operational Barter Methods with Neighbors 1) Government (Government-to-Government) Action: Design a “Legal Barter Framework” (laws and regulations) – formally define mechanisms, list permitted goods/services, and establish currency-equivalent calculation methods. Tool/Mechanism: Drafting legal statutes and executive bylaws. Action: Establish a “National Barter Brokerage” or “Unified Barter Window” (Clearing House) for transaction matching, issuing domestic credit documents,...Continue Reading

Operational Barter Methods with Neighbors 1) Government (Government-to-Government) Action: Design a “Legal Barter Framework” (laws and regulations) – formally define mechanisms, list permitted goods/services, and establish currency-equivalent calculation methods. Tool/Mechanism: Drafting legal statutes and executive bylaws. Action: Establish a “National Barter Brokerage” or “Unified Barter Window” (Clearing House) for transaction matching, issuing domestic credit documents,...Continue Reading

Why should Iran’s pharmaceutical industry think about Dushanbe today? At a time when many Iranian pharmaceutical companies have their eyes fixed on distant markets, a close, familiar, and medicine-thirsty market stands right before us: Tajikistan, the Persian-speaking heart of Central Asia. A country with a growing population, limited pharmaceutical infrastructure, and heavy reliance on imports,...Continue Reading